Saturday, January 24, 2015

Republicanism

Historic Pillars of the Republican Party

Historic Pillars of the Republican Party - GOP Foundational Legislation that Encourages & Safeguards U.S. Public Education, Social Justice, Conservation and Fiscal Responsibility.  "Imitation is the sincerest form of change and it reaches its political pinnacle when others, especially the opposition, assert your ideas and laws as their own." - Stan Klos  Please Visit Republicanism.us

The Historic Pillars of the Republican Party poster perfectly illustrates that Republican legislation has safeguarded social justice, conservation, public education, fair business practices, and federal fiscal responsibility for over 150 years.  Printed on 10pt card stock, the 11 x 17 posters are individually priced at $7.95 each.  At the following bulk prices, the posters are the perfect memento for your next family, political or academic event.

 
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Pillar I: The Morrill Land-Grant Acts are statutes that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges, including the Morrill Act of 1862 (7 U.S.C. § 301 et seq.) and the Morrill Act of 1890 (26 Stat. 417, 7 U.S.C. § 321 et seq.). The Morrill Act was first proposed in 1857, and was passed by Congress in 1859, but it was vetoed by Democratic President James Buchanan.

In 1861, Republican Representative Justin Smith Morrill resubmitted the act with the amendment that the proposed institutions would also teach military tactics as well as engineering and agriculture. Officially titled "An Act Donating Public Lands to the Several States and Territories which may provide Colleges for the Benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts," the Morrill Act provided each state with 30,000 acres of Federal land for each Congressional District. The land was then sold by the states and the proceeds were used to fund public colleges that focused on agriculture and the mechanical arts. 

Aided by the secession of numerous Democratic States that did not support the land-grant college bill, the Republican-controlled Senate passed the Morrill Act by a vote of 32 to 7 on June 10, 1862, and the Republican controlled House of Representatives passed this act by a vote of 90 to 25 on June 17, 1862. The Morrill Act was signed into law by Republican President Abraham Lincoln on July 2, 1862. Sixty-nine colleges were funded by these land grants, including Cornell University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of California (Berkeley), Virginia Tech, Ohio State, Penn State, and the University of Maryland. 

A second Morrill Act in 1890, sponsored by the Republicans, required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color. Among the seventy colleges and universities that eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of today's Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Though the 1890 Act granted cash instead of land, it granted colleges under that act the same legal standing as the 1862 Act colleges; hence the term "land-grant college" properly applies to both groups. 


The Morrill Act of 1862 signers were Speaker of the House Galusha A. Grow (R-PA), Senate President pro tempore Solomon Foot (R-VT) and President Abraham Lincoln (R):  




AN ACT Donating Public Lands to the several States and Territories which may provide Colleges for the Benefit of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there be granted to the several States, for the purposes hereinafter mentioned, an amount of public land, to be apportioned to each State a quantity equal to thirty thousand acres for each senator and representative in Congress to which the States are respectively entitled by the apportionment under the census of eighteen hundred and sixty: Provided, That no mineral lands shall be selected or purchased under the provisions of this Act.

SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That the land aforesaid, after being surveyed, shall be apportioned to the several States in sections or subdivisions of sections, not less than one quarter of a section; and whenever there are public lands in a State subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, the quantity to which said State shall be entitled shall be selected from such lands within the limits of such State, and the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to issue to each of the States in which there is not the quantity of public lands subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, to which said State may be entitled under the provisions of this act, land scrip to the amount in acres for the deficiency of its distributive share: said scrip to be sold by said States and the proceeds thereof applied to the uses and purposes prescribed in this act, and for no other use or purpose whatsoever: Provided, That in no case shall any State to which land scrip may thus be issued be allowed to locate the same within the limits of any other State, or of any Territory of the United States, but their assignees may thus locate said land scrip upon any of the unappropriated lands of the United States subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents, or less, per acre: And provided, further, That not more than one million acres shall be located by such assignees in any one of the States: And provided, further, That no such location shall be made before one year from the passage of this Act.

SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That all the expenses of management, superintendence, and taxes from date of selection of said lands, previous to their sales, and all expenses incurred in the management and disbursement of the moneys which may be received therefrom, shall be paid by the States to which they may belong, out of the Treasury of said States, so that the entire proceeds of the sale of said lands shall be applied without any diminution whatever to the purposes hereinafter mentioned.

SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That all moneys derived from the sale of the lands aforesaid by the States to which the lands are apportioned, and from the sales of land scrip hereinbefore provided for, shall be invested in stocks of the United States, or of the States, or some other safe stocks, yielding not less than five per centum upon the par value of said stocks; and that the moneys so invested shall constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of which shall remain forever undiminished, (except so far as may be provided in section fifth of this act,) and the interest of which shall be inviolably appropriated, by each State which may take and claim the benefit of this act, to the endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.

SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That the grant of land and land scrip hereby authorized shall be made on the following conditions, to which, as well as to the provisions hereinbefore contained, the previous assent of the several States shall be signified by legislative acts:

First. If any portion of the fund invested, as provided by the foregoing section, or any portion of the interest thereon, shall, by any action or contingency, be diminished or lost, it shall be replaced by the State to which it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall remain forever undiminished; and the annual interest shall be regularly applied without diminution to the purposes mentioned in the fourth section of this act, except that a sum, not exceeding ten per centum upon the amount received by any State under the provisions of this act may be expended for the purchase of lands for sites or experimental farms, whenever authorized by the respective legislatures of said States.

Second. No portion of said fund, nor the interest thereon, shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretence whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings.

Third. Any State which may take and claim the benefit of the provisions of this act shall provide, within five years from the time of its acceptance as provided in subdivision seven of this section, at least not less than one college, as described in the fourth section of this act, or the grant to such State shall cease; and said State shall be bound to pay the United States the amount received of any lands previously sold; and that the title to purchasers under the State shall be valid.

Fourth. An annual report shall be made regarding the progress of each college, recording any improvements and experiments made, with their cost and results, and such other matters, including State industrial and economical statistics, as may be supposed useful; one copy of which shall be transmitted by mail [free] by each, to all the other colleges which may be endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one copy to the Secretary of the Interior.

Fifth. When lands shall be selected from those which have been raised to double the minimum price, in consequence of railroad grants, they shall be computed to the States at the maximum price, and the number of acres proportionally diminished.

Sixth. No State while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection against the government of the United States shall be entitled to the benefit of this act.

Seventh. No State shall be entitled to the benefits of this act unless it shall express its acceptance thereof by its legislature within three years from July 23, 1866:

Provided, That when any Territory shall become a State and be admitted into the Union, such new State shall shall be entitled to the benefits of the said act of July two, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, by expressing the acceptance therein required within three years from the date of its admission into the Union, and providing the college or colleges within five years after such acceptance, as prescribed in this act.

SEC. 6. And be it further enacted, That land scrip issued under the provisions of this act shall not be subject to location until after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.

SEC. 7. And be it further enacted, That the land officers shall receive the same fees for locating land scrip issued under the provisions of this act as is now allowed for the location of military bounty land warrants under existing laws: Provided, their maximum compensation shall not be thereby increased.

SEC. 8. And be it further enacted, That the Governors of the several States to which scrip shall be issued under this act shall be required to report annually to Congress all sales made of such scrip until the whole shall be disposed of, the amount received for the same, and what appropriation has been made of the proceeds.

Pillar II: On September 22, 1862, Republican President Abraham Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation providing notice that he would order the emancipation of all slaves in any state (or part of a state) that did not end their rebellion against the Union by January 1, 1863.   Issued as an American Civil War executive order, this proclamation was directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch including the U.S. Military. None of the Confederate states restored themselves to the Union, and Lincoln's order, signed and issued January 1, 1863, took effect.

The Emancipation Proclamation outraged white Southerners who anticipated a racial uprising amidst the already tragic war.  The Emancipation alienated many Northern Democrats, energized abolitionists, and destabilized the European attempt to fund the CSA’s war effort. The Proclamation invigorated African Americans and led to efforts to aid many slaves who now sought to escape from the confederacy to obtain their freedom at the Union line.  
 
The Proclamation also ordered that appropriate persons among those freed could be enrolled into the paid service of United States' forces, and also ordered the military to "recognize and maintain the freedom of" the ex-slaves. The Proclamation did not compensate the slave-owners, it did not outlaw slavery, and it did not grant citizenship to former slaves. The Proclamation did, however, signal that the eradication of slavery would become an unequivocal post-war goal, in addition to the mission of reuniting the Union. 


The Emancipation Proclamation signers were President Abraham Lincoln (R) and Secretary of State William Seward (R): 




By the President of the United States of America:

A Proclamation.

Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit:

That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.

That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall on that day be, in good faith, represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the people thereof, are not then in rebellion against the United States.

Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days, from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit:

Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, (except the Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the City of New Orleans) Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth[)], and which excepted parts, are for the present, left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.

And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.

And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.

And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.

And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.

Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh.

By the President: Abraham Lincoln

William H. Seward, Secretary of State.


Pillar III:  The 13thAmendment was necessary because slavery was protected in the United States by various laws and even by the Constitution of 1787, through a clause known as the Three-Fifths Compromise by which three-fifths of the slave population was counted for representation in the United States House of Representatives. The three-fifths issue had been important at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, because this population number would be used to determine both the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years, as well as what percentage of the nation's direct tax burden the state would have to bear. Though many slaves had been declared free by President Abraham Lincoln's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, their post-war status remained uncertain.
On April 8, 1864, the Republican-controlled Senate passed an amendment to abolish slavery. After one unsuccessful vote in the House and extensive legislative maneuvering by the Lincoln administration, the HR Republicans followed suit on January 31, 1865. The measure was speedily ratified by nearly all the Northern states, along with a sufficient number of border and "reconstructed" Southern states. On December 18th, 1865, Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed the 13th Amendment’s adoption.  The 13th Amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.  The 13th Amendment’s Congressional signers were House Schuyler Colfax (R-IN) & Vice President Hannibal Hamlin (R):



  
Section 1.  Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except in the punishment for a crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.


Section 2.  Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Pillar IV: A Reconstruction Amendment, the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed by the Republican Congress on June 13th, 1866, and adopted by the States on July 9th, 1868.   The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested by the Democratic-controlled Southern states, which nevertheless ratified it in order to regain representation in the United States Congress. 

The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process Clause, and Equal Protection Clause. The Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship, overruling the Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), which had held that Americans descended from African slaves could not be citizens of the United States. The Privileges or Immunities Clause has been interpreted in such a way that it does very little.  The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction. This clause was the basis for Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court decision that precipitated the dismantling of racial segregation, and for many other decisions rejecting irrational or unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups.

This first  section of the Fourteenth Amendment is one of the most litigated parts of the United States Constitution, forming the foundation for landmark decisions ranging from abortion (Roe v. Wade 1973) to the  2000 presidential election (Bush v. Gore, 2000) to gay marriage (US v. Windsor, 2013). It applies to the actions of all state and local officials, but not to those of private parties.

The second, third, and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom, if ever, litigated. The fifth section gives Congress enforcement power. The Due Process Clause prohibits state and local government officials from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without legislative authorization. This clause has also been used by the federal judiciary to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy.  The 14thAmendment’s Congressional signers were Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax (R-IN) and Senate President pro tempore Lafayette S. Foster (R-CT):




Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.


Pillar V:  The road to universal suffrage for African American males in the United States began when the Republican-controlled House of Representatives proposed and passed the 15thAmendment on February 25, 1869, by a vote of 144 to 44. The Republican-controlled Senate followed suit the next day passing the amendment by a vote of 39 to 13. The Fifteenth Amendment, stipulating that no state shall deprive any citizen of the right to vote because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude,” was ratified with President Ulysses S. Grant's help and approval. Secretary of State Hamilton Fish issued a proclamation certifying the ratification of the 15th Amendment by the states on March 30, 1870.  The suffrage amendment, which also applied to Native Americans, was only partially successful. During Reconstruction, black men voted frequently; following Reconstruction, however, Democratic Party whites enacted state discriminatory laws & taxes to disenfranchise black men. Laws were also enacted to prohibit Native Americans from using the ballot box. 
The 15th Amendment’s Congressional signers were Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax (R-IN) and Senate President pro tempore Benjamin F. Wade (R-OH):




Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation


Pillar VI:  Although the Republican Congress and President Abraham Lincoln enacted the Yosemite Valley Grant Act in 1864, this wilderness area would not become a National Park until 1890.  Therefore, it is the Yellowstone National Park Act, passed on March 1, 1872, that created the first national park by withdrawing 2,219,790 acres from settlement, occupancy, and sale along the continental divide where the states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho intersect. In addition, the act dedicated and set aside the 2.2 million acres as a public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people. Congress placed the land and resources of the park under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior and directed the secretary to set forth rules and regulations to provide for the preservation of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within said park, and their retention in their natural condition.  The Yellowstone National Park Act ignited an international national park movement that has presently resulted in more than 100 nations establishing over 1,200 national parks or equivalent preserves worldwide.

The Yellowstone National Park Act signers were Speaker of the House James G. Blaine (R-ME) Vice President Schuyler Colfax (R-IN) and President Ulysses S. Grant (R): 




An Act To Set Apart A Certain Tract Of Land Lying Near The Headwaters Of The Yellowstone River As A Public Park (17 Stat. 32)
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the tract of land in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming, lying near the headwaters of the Yellowstone River, and described as follows, to wit, commencing at the junction of Gardiner's river with the Yellowstone river, and running east to the meridian passing ten miles to the eastward of the most eastern point of Yellowstone lake; thence south along said meridian to the parallel of latitude passing ten miles south of the most southern point of Yellowstone lake; thence west along said parallel to the meridian passing fifteen miles west of the most western point of Madison lake; thence north along said meridian to the latitude of the junction of Yellowstone and Gardiner's rivers; thence east to the place of beginning, is hereby reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy, or sale under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people; and all persons who shall locate or settle upon or occupy the same, or any part thereof, except as hereinafter provided, shall be considered trespassers and removed therefrom. (U.S.C., title 16, sec. 21.)

SEC 2. That said public park shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be, as soon as practicable, to make and publish such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for the care and management of the same. Such regulations shall provide for the preservation, from injury or spoliation, of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within said park, and their retention in their natural condition. The Secretary may in his discretion, grant leases for building purposes for terms not exceeding ten years, of small parcels of ground, at such places in said park as shall require the erection of buildings for the accommodation of visitors; all of the proceeds of said leases, and all other revenues that may be derived from any source connected with said park, to be expended under his direction in the management of the same, and the construction of roads and bridle-paths therein. He shall provide against the wanton destruction of the fish and game found within said park, and against their capture or destruction for the purposes of merchandise or profit. He shall also cause all persons trespassing upon the same after the passage of this act to be removed therefrom, and generally shall be authorized to take all such measures as shall be necessary or proper to fully carry out the objects and purposes of this act. (U.S.C., title 16, sec. 22.)



Pillar VII:  The Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman Act, 26 Stat. 209, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1–7) is the landmark antitrust federal statute passed by the Republican-controlled Senate by a vote of 51–1 on April 8, 1890, and the Republican-controlled House by a unanimous vote of 242–0 on June 20, 1890. Republican President BenjaminHarrison signed the bill into law on July 2, 1890. The Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits certain business activities that federal government regulators deem to be anti-competitive, and requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts. It has since, more broadly, been used to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially harm competition, such as monopolies or cartels.

The Sherman Antitrust Act signers are Speaker of the House Thomas B. Reed (R-ME) Vice President Levi P. Morton (R-NY) & President BenjaminHarrison (R):




An Act To Protect Trade And Commerce Against Unlawful Restraints And Monopolies.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

Sec. 1. Every contract, combination in the form of trust or other- wise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any such contract or engage in any such combination or conspiracy, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments, at the discretion of the court.

Sec. 2. Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof; shall be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.

Sec. 3. Every contract, combination in form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce in any Territory of the United States or of the District of Columbia, or in restraint of trade or commerce between any such Territory and another, or between any such Territory or Territories and any State or States or the District of Columbia, or with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia and any State or States or foreign nations, is hereby declared illegal. Every person who shall make any such contract or engage in any such combination or conspiracy, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.

Sec. 4. The several circuit courts of the United States are hereby invested with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of this act; and it shall be the duty of the several district attorneys of the United States, in their respective districts, under the direction of the Attorney-General, to institute proceedings in equity to prevent and restrain such violations. Such proceedings may be by way of petition setting forth the case and praying that such violation shall be enjoined or otherwise prohibited. When the parties complained of shall have been duly notified of such petition the court shall proceed, as soon as may be, to the hearing and determination of the case; and pending such petition and before final decree, the court may at any time make such temporary restraining order or prohibition as shall be deemed just in the premises.

Sec. 5. Whenever it shall appear to the court before which any proceeding under section four of this act may be pending, that the ends of justice require that other parties should be brought before the court, the court may cause them to be summoned, whether they reside in the district in which the court is held or not; and subpoenas to that end may be served in any district by the marshal thereof.

Sec. 6. Any property owned under any contract or by any combination, or pursuant to any conspiracy (and being the subject thereof) mentioned in section one of this act, and being in the course of transportation from one State to another, or to a foreign country, shall be- forfeited to the United States, and may be seized and condemned by like proceedings as those provided by law for the forfeiture, seizure, and condemnation of property imported into the United States contrary to law.

Sec. 7. Any person who shall be injured in his business or property by any other person or corporation by reason of anything forbidden or declared to be unlawful by this act, may sue therefor in any circuit court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found, without. respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover three fold the damages by him sustained, and the costs of suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee.

Sec. 8. That the word "person," or " persons," wherever used in this act shall be deemed to include corporations and associations existing under or authorized by the laws of either the United States, the laws of any of the Territories, the laws of any State, or the laws of any foreign country.


Pillar VIII:  In 1891, the Republican controlled 51st Congress, through the earnest insistence of Secretary of the Interior John W. Noble (R), added the following section to the act entitled "An Act to repeal timber culture laws, and for other purposes:"

Sec. 24. That the President of the United States may, from time to time, set apart and reserve, in any State or Territory having public lands bearing forests, any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public reservations, and the President shall, by public proclamation, declare the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.

It was upon this meager "rider," attached to a bill hardly germane to the subject, that U.S. Federal Forest preservation policy was born. Now known as the Forest Reserve Act of 1891, the measure was signed into law by President Benjamin Harrison (R).  The act put in place the law necessary to protect wooded areas as “forest reserves” that were to be managed by the Department of the Interior.  The Section 24 provision, according to the first Chief of the United States Forest Service Gifford Pinchot, is "the most important legislation in the history of Forestry in America." Pinchot cites the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 as the "beginning and basis of our whole National Forest system."




President Harrison issued proclamations establishing 13 million acres of land as U.S. Forest Reserves shortly after the act was enacted. President Grover Cleveland (R) set aside an additional 20 million acres despite strong opposition from many westerners. Moreover, the Republican Congress passed the Organic Act in 1897 to establish a system of administration for the forest reserves and to declare the reserves secure for “favorable conditions of water-flows and to furnish a continuous supply of timber for the use and necessity of citizens of the United States.” Between 1897 and 1901, President William McKinley (R) withdrew 7 million acres from the public domain. McKinley’s actions, however, were dwarfed by President Theodore Roosevelt (R), an ardent proponent of conservation, who withdrew 141 million acres of forest land, thus establishing the precedent of aggressive presidential leadership for conservation.

The Forest Reserve Act signers were Speaker of the House Thomas B. Reed (R-ME) Vice President Levi P. Morton (R-NY) & President Benjamin Harrison (R). 



Pillar IX:  The Antiquities Act, signed into law by Republican President TheodoreRoosevelt (R) on June 8th, 1906, resulted from concerns about protecting prehistoric Indian ruins and artifacts – collectively termed "antiquities" – on federal lands in the West.  The removal of artifacts from these lands by private collectors, called "pot hunters,” had become a serious problem by the end of the 19th century. In 1902, Iowa Congressman John F. Lacey (R-IA), who chaired the House Committee on the Public Lands, traveled to the Southwest with anthropologist Edgar Lee Hewett, to determine the extent of the pot hunters' impact on these prehistoric ruins. His findings, supported by Hewett's report detailing the archaeological resources and its dissemination, provided the necessary impetus for the passage of the Antiquities Act legislation.  The law provided the President of the United States with the authority, by presidential proclamation, to restrict the use of particular public land owned by the federal government. The Act has been used over a hundred times since its passage, almost always creating significant controversy when invoked.

President Roosevelt proclamation of Devils Tower as a National Monument on September 24th, 1906, was the first use of the Antiquities Act to protect a large geographic feature. President Roosevelt also boldly used the Antiquities Act to create the Grand Canyon National Monument, which was the first step in protecting the canyon as a site of great historic and scientific interest.  The United States Supreme Court has repeatedly upheld presidential proclamations under the Antiquities Act, ruling each time that the Act gives the president nearly-unfettered discretion as to the nature of the object to be protected and the size of the area reserved.      

The Antiquities Act signers were Speaker of the House Joseph G. Cannon (R-IL), Vice President Charles W. Fairbanks (R) and President Theodore Roosevelt (R):




An Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That any person who shall appropriate, excavate, injure, or destroy any historic or prehistoric ruin or monument, or any object of antiquity, situated on lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United States, without the permission of the Secretary of the Department of the Government having jurisdiction over the lands on which said antiquities are situated, shall, upon conviction, be fined in a sum of not more than five hundred dollars or be imprisoned for a period of not more than ninety days, or shall suffer both fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court.

Sec. 2. That the President of the United States is hereby authorized, in his discretion, to declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated upon the lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United States to be national monuments, and may reserve as a part thereof parcels of land, the limits of which in all cases shall be confined to the smallest area compatible with proper care and management of the objects to be protected: Provided, That when such objects are situated upon a tract covered by a bona fied unperfected claim or held in private ownership, the tract, or so much thereof as may be necessary for the proper care and management of the object, may be relinquished to the Government, and the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to accept the relinquishment of such tracts in behalf of the Government of the United States.

Sec. 3. That permits for the examination of ruins, the excavation of archaeological sites, and the gathering of objects of antiquity upon the lands under their respective jurisdictions may be granted by the Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and War to institutions which the may deem properly qualified to conduct such examination, excavation, or gathering, subject to such rules and regulation as they may prescribe: Provided, That the examinations, excavations, and gatherings are undertaken for the benefit of reputable museums, universities, colleges, or other recognized scientific or educational institutions, with a view to increasing the knowledge of such objects, and that the gatherings shall be made for permanent preservation in public museums.

Sec. 4. That the Secretaries of the Departments aforesaid shall make and publish from time to time uniform rules and regulations for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act.


Pillar X: Income Tax, despite the remonstrations of many pundits and politicians, was not the brainchild of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson (D) but of Abraham Lincoln (R), whose GOP-controlled congress enacted the Revenue Act of 1861 as a temporary measure to fund the government during the American Civil War. Income tax remained in force after the war, funding reconstruction, until the Supreme Court declared the Income Tax Bill of 1894 unconstitutional in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co in 1895.   Fifteen years later, another Republican U.S. President would champion federal income tax, this time as an amendment to the Constitution of 1787. President William Howard Taft (R), in an address to Congress, proposed a 2% federal income tax on corporations by way of excise duties. The President also proposed, on June 16th, 1909, a constitutional amendment to legalize income tax. Less than a month later, the resolution now known as the Sixteenth Amendment was approved by the Senate with an astonishing unanimity of 77-0, while the House approved it by a vote of 318-14 on July 12, 1909.

The state legislatures considered the income tax amendment during the presidential election of 1912 between William Howard Taft (R), Theodore Roosevelt (P) and Woodrow Wilson (D), who were all advocates of a federal income tax.  On February 25, 1913, the amendment met the 4/5ths ratification requirement of the States.

The 16th Amendment signers were Speaker of the House Joseph Gurney Cannon (R-Ill) and Vice President James S. Sherman (R-NY):




The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.


Pillar XI: Although the Constitution of 1787 allowed the states to determine the qualifications for voting, most states and territories disenfranchised women. In 1896, women had full suffrage in only three states, all of them in the West. The Republicans in Wyoming were the first to give women the vote in 1869, when the twenty-member Territorial Legislature approved a revolutionary measure stating: "That every woman of the age of twenty-one years, residing in this Territory, may at every election to be holden under the law thereof, cast her vote."  Women in Colorado won suffrage in an 1893 referendum, backed by a Populist administration and the Republicans. Utah adopted the measure in the 1870’s, but it was struck down in the 1880’s by Congress in an alleged effort to combat Mormon polygamy by blocking women's right to vote in the majority-Mormon territory. In January 1896, Utah was admitted as a state and its new constitution, drafted primarily by Republicans, permitted woman to vote. Utah women were thus able to vote in the William McKinley (R) vs. William Jennings Bryan (D) Presidential Election.

In 1878, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were avid suffragists with strong ties to the Republican Party. In 1872, Anthony wrote Stanton “I shall work for the Republican Party and call on all women to join me, precisely... for what that party has done and promises to do for women, nothing more, nothing less.”  Together they drafted a women’s suffrage amendment that read: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.” The amendment was first introduced in Congress in 1878 by Senator Aaron A. Sargent (R-CA) but the measure failed to garnish the required 2/3rds votes.  A three-decade period known as "the doldrums" followed, during which the amendment was not considered by Congress and the women's suffrage movement achieved few victories.

Finally, on May 21st, 1919, the Republican House of Representatives proposed and passed the 19th Amendment by a vote of 304 to 90. On June 4th, 1919, the amendment was brought before the Senate where it had failed passage on two earlier attempts because of Democratic Party opposition and the resolution requiring a 2/3rds member vote.  Suffragists filled the Senate galleries during the historic vote and, after a long discussion, it was passed with 56 ayes (37 Republican 19 Democrats) to 25 nays (8 Republican 17 Democrats) and the public galleries roared in celebration. 

The primary opposition to the amendment during the ratification process came from the Democratic Party, with the Southern Democrats putting up the stiffest opposition.  The Democratic Party resistance remained consistent up until Tennessee, the last state to pass the amendment, called a special session right before the ratification period was about to expire. On August 18th, 1920, Tennessee narrowly approved the Nineteenth Amendment, with 50 of 99 members of the Tennessee House of Representatives voting yes. This, thanks to Republican Party labors, provided the final state ratification necessary to add the measure to the Constitution of 1787 as its 19th Amendment.

The 19th Amendment signers were Speaker of the House Frederick Gillett (R-MA) and Vice President Thomas R. Marshall (D - IN):



The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.


Pillar XII: The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (Public Law 84-627), was enacted on June 29, 1956, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill into law. The original authorization for the construction of 41,000 miles of the Interstate Highway System over a 10-year period was $25 billion dollars.  The Interstate Highway System became the largest public works project in American history through that time.


Eisenhower's support of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 can be directly attributed to his experiences in 1919 as a participant in the U.S. Army's first Transcontinental Motor Convoy across the continental United States on the historic Lincoln Highway, which was the first road constructed across America. The highly publicized 1919 convoy was intended, in part, to dramatize the need for better main highways and continued federal aid. The convoy left the Ellipse south of the White House in Washington D.C. on July 7, 1919, and headed for Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. From there, it followed the Lincoln Highway to San Francisco. Bridges in deplorable condition had to be rebuilt, vehicles became stuck in “highways” dirt and muddy sections, and equipment broke. The convoy, a national news story, was greeted warmly by communities all across the Lincoln Highway. The convoy reached San Francisco on September 5, crossed the bay on two ferries, and then drove through packed city streets to Lincoln Park.  Today, this 62-day cross-country trip on the Interstate System takes about 5 days.

This experience on the Lincoln Highway, plus Eisenhower’s observations of the German autobahn network during World War II, convinced him to support construction of a new U.S. Interstate system when he became President. In his book At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends, the former President Eisenhower wrote: “The old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land.”

His "Grand Plan" for highways was announced in 1954.  Between 1954 and 1956, there were several failed attempts by the Eisenhower administration to pass a national highway bill through the Democratic Congress. The main controversy over the highway construction was the apportionment of the funding between the Federal Government and the states. Undaunted, the President renewed his call for a "modern, interstate highway system” in his 1956 State of the Union Address. Within a few months, after considerable debate and amendment in the Congress, The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 emerged from the House-Senate conference committee. In the act, the interstate system was expanded to 41,000 miles, and to construct the network, $25 billion was authorized for fiscal years 1957 through 1969.


Eisenhower signed the bill into law at Walter Reed Army Medical Center on the June 29th, 1956, during his recovery from a minor illness. The powers under the 1956 Act were supposed to expire in 1972 but the new roads were popular with the voting public. The highway program was continually renewed and the size of the Interstate Highway System was methodically increased. Construction was formally completed in 1996, but federal financing was then directed to a brand new 160,000-mile "National Highway System." Because of the 1956 law, and the subsequent Highway Act of 1958, the pattern of community growth in America was altered from mass transit to development around the automobile.   

 The Federal-Aid Highway Act signers were Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn (D-TX), Vice President Richard M. Nixon (R) and President Dwight D. Eisenhower (R):






An Act to amend and supplement the Federal Aid Road Act approved July 11, 1916, to authorize appropriations for continuing the construction of highways; to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to provide additional revenue teem taxes on motor fuel, tires, and trucks and buses; and for other purposes.  For Full Text Click Here


Historic Pillars of the Republican Party - GOP Foundational Legislation that Encourages & Safeguards U.S. Public Education, Social Justice, Conservation and Fiscal Responsibility.  "Imitation is the sincerest form of change and it reaches its political pinnacle when others, especially the opposition, assert your ideas and laws as their own." - Stan Klos  Please Visit Republicanism.us



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The National Republican Committee:

The Republican Party, as a distinct party, came into existence in February, 1856. Prior to that time and during the latter part of the year 1854, in three or more of the States, Republican Party organizations were started for local election purposes, but never felt strong enough to stand forth as a distinct party, and they generally coalesced with the other parties for the purpose of carrying some local election. At this time there were various political organizations in the country working under different party names, namely, Democratic, Whig, Abolition, Anti-Slavery, Free-Soil, Independent Democrat, People's Party, and the Know-Nothing Party.

The agitation of the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and the Kansas and Nebraska trouble, and the persistent determination of the Democratic Party to force slavery into the Territories, were the main causes which led many of the members of these various parties to change their party affiliation to the new Republican Party.

When the Know-Nothing party started with the promise to purify American politics by limiting or ending the influence of Catholicsm in politics.  The party was empowered by popular fears that the United States was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants, whom they saw as hostile to protestant values and controlled by the Pope in Rome. Men from all parties flocked into this new-born Know-Nothing party with various objects in view, until in a very short time that party became a powerful party organizations.  Many northern abolitionists also joined the party, and with the hope of getting a controlling interest, they introduced an anti-slavery platform.   The party reached its peak in the 1854-1856 election cycles with former President Millard Fillmore (the party's presidential nominee in 1856), U.S. Representative Nathaniel P. Banks, and former U.S. Representative Lewis C. Levin being its most prominent politicians.

The Democratic, Whig, and other parties became alarmed at the Know-Nothing party's power and influence during this period. The Know-Nothings had the effect of being a dissolving agent effecting all the parties, and the factions from the older parties united with it for the purpose of giving them some temporary power and place in local elections.

Taking advantage of this chaotic condition of parties and realizing the folly of the Know-Nothing purification mission, astute abolitionists quietly work up a plan to birth new party. The GOP founders, wisely avoided all the entangling opinions and sentiments of the other party issues, by birthing the new party on a simple idea of "non-extension of slavery into the Territories." While this sentiment prevailed very extensively, particularly in the West, it wasn't until the Know-Nothing party began to fracture over slavery that this association, named after Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party,   made the decision to formally create a new national party organization. 

The call for this National Convention was issued January 17, 1856, for a meeting to be held at Pittsburgh, Pa., on the 22nd day of February, 1856.

Washington, D. C, January 17, 1856. 
To the Republicans of the United States:
In accordance with what appears to be the general desire of the Republican Party, and at the suggestion of a large portion of the Republican press, the undersigned, chairmen of the State Republican Committees of Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin, hereby invite the Republicans of the Union to meet in informal Convention at Pittsburgh, on the 22nd February, 1856, for the purpose of perfecting the National Organization, and providing for a National Delegate Convention of the Republican Party, at some subsequent day, to nominate candidates for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency, to be supported at the election in November, 1856.
A. P. Stone, of Ohio. J. Z. Goodrich, of Mass. David Wilmot, of Pa. Lawrence Bhainerd, of Vt. William A. White, of Wis. 

Historic Pillars of the Republican Party - GOP Foundational Legislation that Encourages & Safeguards U.S. Public Education, Social Justice, Conservation and Fiscal Responsibility.  "Imitation is the sincerest form of change and it reaches its political pinnacle when others, especially the opposition, assert your ideas and laws as their own." - Stan Klos  Please Visit Republicanism.us


10pt Card Stock Gloss 11x17
Price
Shipping
Total Cost Per Poster
10
$50
$10
$6.00
100
$295
$10
$3.95
250
$635
$15
$2.54
500
$825
$20
$1.69
1000
$995
$25
$1.02
2000
$1,500
$40
$0.77



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Historic Pillars of the Republican Party - Verso: GOP Foundational Legislation that Encourages & Safeguards U.S. Public Education, Social Justice, Conservation and Fiscal Responsibility. "Imitation is the sincerest form of change and it reaches its political pinnacle when others, especially the opposition, assert your ideas and laws as their own." - Stan Klos Please Visit Republicanism.us




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